Prevents passage of food into the trachea while eating.Main component of the upper esophageal sphincter.Constricts the lower part of the pharynx.Inferior pharyngeal constrictor ( laryngopharynx) Constricts the middle part of the pharynx.The lesser and greater horns of the hyoid bone.Middle pharyngeal constrictor ( laryngopharynx) Prevents passage of food into the nose while eating.Constricts the upper part of the pharynx.The pterygomandibular ligament, medial pterygoid plate, pterygoid hamulus.Superior pharyngeal constrictor ( oropharynx) Pharyngeal elevators (inner longitudinal layer of muscles): elevate the pharyngeal wall to protect the airway as well as widen and shorten the pharynx to move the bolus of food through the pharynx into the esophagus.Pharyngeal constrictors (outer circular layer of muscles): contract sequentially to move the bolus of food through the pharynx into the esophagus.The muscles of the pharynx can be divided into two groups:.Middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors.Squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx most commonly develops in this region.Food particles can become trapped in these spaces.Piriform recess: a set of depressions in the hypopharynx located posterolaterally to both sides of the laryngeal opening.Inferiorly: esophagus at the level of the cricoid cartilage.Superiorly: upper margin of the epiglottis.Extends from the epiglottis to the beginning of the esophagus.Part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system.
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